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So What Exactly IS the Female Orgasm?
The male and female orgasms are very similar subjectively. When women and
men are asked to described the sensations they feel during arousal and
orgasm but excluding gender-specific anatomical terms, the descriptions are
remarkably similar, and involve feelings of inevitability when the orgasm is
imminent. Of course there are anatomical differences and women have the
general advantage that most can have (or be educated to have) multiple
orgasms. Also, a good proportion of women can experience a very prolonged
orgasm called a status orgasmusı which, as far as I know, no man can. These
can last many seconds and must be fun J. Also, many women are capable of
imagining themselves all the way to orgasm though no doubt this may involve
a lot of muscle tensing and cannot really be described as being without
physical stimulus rather no fingers are involved. Women also tend to have
more orgasms in their sleep than men who usually only do this during teenage
years, and several, mainly anti-depressant, drugs (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft,
Wellbutrin) are known to cause spontaneous orgasms in women though they do
not affect men the same way. In these cases the orgasm can sometimes be
brought on voluntarily by yawning!
Pain thresholds increase during arousal (e.g. during masturbation) and reach
their maximum during orgasm. It is likely that cerebral endorphins may be
involved. Electroencephalography has shown which regions of the brain and
brain stem are involved in orgasm, though most of the mechanisms of the
physiological rather than psychological processes are in the spinal cord and
paraplegics can be stimulated to have orgasm.
The standard textbook description of female excitation and orgasm goes like
this. A prolonged period of arousal,
a plateau,
orgasm proper and resolution.
The same can be
identified in men. Major studies which are still often quoted are those of
Kimsey and of Masters and Johnson who tackled the sensitive topic of female
sexuality in what was effectively the dark ages of the post-war 20th century.
Arousal
In the excitement phase, often induced by thought alone, involves the
following set of processes:
The nipples typically become erect and the clitoris also becomes turgid and it expands a little
(though not much), and this may result in it becoming a
bit more visible in some women with medium to large ones. Clitoral erection,
more properly called tumescence, is due to increased arterial blood flow to
the clitoris and reduced venous drainage and so is essentially identical to
the process of penile erection but the degree of expansion is much less and
involves little change in length, though the change in thickness and
turgidity of the long clitoral shaft is very easily appreciated. Increasing
heart rate and blood pressure, and increasing genital blood
flow also result in gradual expansion
of the inner and outer labia and vaginal lubrication. Vaginal lubrication results mostly from a process called transudation
that is, the increased blood flow (vasocongestion) of the vaginal wall
causes blood and lymphatic fluids to be forced through the tissue into the
vagina where it appears as a lot of tiny sweat-like drops on the vaginal
walls. Additional vaginal lubrication comes from the cervix
which is well-supplied with mucous glands. The amount and
thickness of a womanıs vaginal lubrication may well depend on her stage in
the menstrual cycle primarily because of the changes in the cervical mucus.
There is also lubrication of the inner lips resulting from glandular
secretions from the mucous membranes and possibly from the Skeneıs glands
(paraurethral glands) that open at two small, sometimes quite visible,
pores, one on either side of the urethral opening (at 5 and 7 oıclock if the
genitals are arranged with clitoris at 12 oıclock).
As the arousal continues, the swelling of the labia causes the inner lips to
part and spread outwards thus making the opening of the
vagina more obvious. The increased blood flow causes the womanıs genitals
to change colour, from flesh tones to at least pinkish, but in
women who have had children (it isnıt clear if pregnancy alone causes this
or childbirth is important) the colour change can be more extreme and her
genitals can become almost a deep wine red.
The colour of the vaginal walls also changes in the same way,
and internally the vaginal cavity expands and the inner two thirds can form
a rather large space; evolutionarily this is probably to produce a cavity in
which sperm will be kept in close proximity to the cervix and not simply run
out after the male has shed his load. On the other hand, the outer third of
the vagina (the introitus) becomes tighter due to the increased blood flow
to the region (reported as a corpus spongiosum i.e. similar tissue to that
in the penis and clitoris). Internally the positions of the uterus moves
causing the vagina to elongate, and the position of the cervix changes
collectively these changes in the internal vaginal arrangement are often
referred to as "tenting".
Late in the excitement phase the breasts are reported to swell, though it is
hard to find detailed measurements.
Plateau
The plateau is the final phase of excitement when basically all excitement
parameters are at max and she is waiting to get herself over the edge,
usually focusing her thoughts very much on her genitals or other arousing
things. At this time spontaneous contractions of the anal sphincter, and
muscles in the upper legs and pelvic region are common, and increased
semi-involuntary movements of the hips usually indicates the imminence of
orgasm.
Orgasm
The orgasm is a pulsatile event with strong feelings of pleasure centred
around the genitala and a demanding pushing feeling. In women this is
usually indicated visibly by a series of contractions in the vaginal-anal
area which occur at about once every 0.8 seconds approx. and by
a "sex flush" which is a rapid change in skin colour of the chest (breasts
and area between them up to the neck and face) resulting from an increase in
cutaneous blood flow. The rate of perineal contractions may
vary from woman to woman, and certainly not all contractions in an orgasmic
series are evenly spaced, the first usually being relatively long.
Internally, a lot more is going on, and videos of the inside of the vagina
during orgasm show the cervix is very active and with each contraction it
pushes down and "drinks" up semen from the puddle that would be there after
a normal copulation so evolutionarily it only makes sense for the woman to
come after the man has and only to do so if she wants to get pregnant by him!
There are also waves of contractions of the uterus which are stimulated by
the orgasmic surge in the hormone oxytosin. During orgasm the womanıs blood
pressure and heart rate increase considerably and she often does staccato
breathing and may vocalise though this may be both voluntary and involuntary
depending on the individual. Some hold their breath. Many also
show spastic contractions of muscles in the hands and feet causing curling
of toes (carpopedal spasms).
Much of the literature about female orgasm reports that during orgasm the
clitoris retracts under the clitoral hood. This obviously comes from the
studies of Kinsey and others. However, none of the hundreds of videos of
real orgasm shown here is this visible. Also, given that the clitoris is
composed of spongiform tissue without skeletal muscle, it is hard to see how
this could be achieved mechanically as it certainly does not detumesce
during orgasm.
The Bartholinıs glands (greater vestibular glands) which open just outside
the vaginal opening produce a small amount of mucus (just a few drops) and
this seems to be secreted just before orgasm. It may be involved in making
the chemistry of the vagina less hostile to sperm.
Resolution
After orgasm many women cannot bear continued direct stimulation of the
clitoris and/or vulva (and even the breasts in some) and so pass into a
resolution phase, but if the stimulation is maintained at a low level until
the sensitivity subsides, avoiding direct clitoral contact, quite a lot of
women can have a second or even numerous extra orgasms after the first one,
separated by a minute or so. After a few orgasms it seems that clitoral
sensitivity subsides and continued stimulation is possible. Possibly
multi-orgasmicity is not universal in women, though it is likely that the
painful, postorgasmic sensitivity of the clitoris puts many off trying. In
men it is possible but is exceedingly rare.
In early resolution there may be one or more infrequent contractions of the
perineal muscles and anal sphincter that feel pleasurable (often referred top as
aftershocks), but basically this is a time when the swelling of the breast
and genitals slowly subsides over a period of many minutes (often about 20
mins). Failure to reach orgasm after reaching plateau can be very
uncomfortable for some women because there has been no trigger to start the
vascular decongestion of the genitals.
Female Ejaculation
Female ejaculation is still a much debated phenomenon. There is no doubt
that many women produce, and may forcibly expel in squirts, small to copious
amounts of a clear fluid from their urethral opening during high levels of
excitement or orgasm. Sometimes this seems very similar to urine but
typically is less yellow and there are several scientific papers that claim
it contains enzymes not found in urine but present in male semen
(phosphatases formed in men in the prostate gland that is responsible for
the bulk of male semen volume). Surprisingly there is considerable lack of
agreement about whether these secretions can come from supposed
peri-urethral reservoirs. Most likely there is a mixture of urine
(especially in women who produce 10s of mls of ejaculate, and some urethral
products.
Viagra and other similar drugs that activate the nitrous oxide
neurotransmission system which seems to be particularly associated with the
genital area, can have very similar effects in men and women. In men they
can produce (with appropriate mental stimulus usually) erection. In women
they cause (often spectacular) genital swelling and lubrication.
The "orgasm nerve" is only known in women and was discovered accidentally
during a conscious spinal operation. Stimulating it causes an instant
orgasm. No such nerve has been found in men, though interestingly,
paraplegic men can have orgasms and ejaculate either by extreme penile
stimulation or intense electrostimulation of the prostate region (via the
rectum) though in this case the subject has to be under general anaesthetic
as the stimulation levels would otherwise be agonising.
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